DIRECTIONS:

1.     Select a new page in your Spiral lab notebook,

2.     Fill in the top portion of the first page only. Take the following steps:               step 1 – print your last name followed by printing your first name in the box entitled NAME; step 2- Place the name Chapter 14 Overview in the box entitled EXPERIMENT/SUBJECT; step 3 – leave EXP NUMBER blank; step 4 – Place the due date 7 MARCH 2008 in the box entitled DATE; step 5 – leave LAB PARTNER and LOCKER/DESK NO. blank; step 6 – place C.P. Chemistry period ___ in the box labeled COURSE AND SECTION NO.

3.     Read Chapter 14; text pages 486 - 517 and summarize what you read using the outline listed below.

á       REMINDER – GRADING SYLLABUS: BASED UPON CLARITY AND NEATNESS

1.     A = THREE PAGES

2.     B = TWO PAGES

3.     C = ONE PAGE

á       INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND PHASE CHANGES

-         THERE ARE THREE CLASSES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: DIPOLE-DIPOLE, HYDROGEN

        BONDING, AND LONDON DISPERSION FORCES.

1)     DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES ARE ATTRACTIONS AMONGST MOLECULES THAT HAVE DIPOLE MOVEMENTS.

2)     HYDROGEN BONDING ARE STRONG DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES THAT OCCUR WHEN HYDROGEN IS BOUND TO A HIGHLY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM SUCH AS O, N, F.

3)     LONDON DISPERSON FORCES OCCUR AMONG NONPOLAR MOLECULES (OR ATOMS) WHEN ACCIDENTAL DIPOLES DEVELOP IN THE ELECTRON ÒCLOUDÓ.

-        PHASE CHANGES OCCUR WHEN ENERGYEITHER LEAVE OR ENTERS A COMPOUND.

1)     ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO CHANGE A SOLID TO A LIQUID AND TO A GAS.

2)     ENERGY IS REQUIRED IN THE MOLAR HEAT OF FUSION IN ORDER TO MELT 1 MOL OF A SOLID SUBSTANCE.

3)     THE NORMAL MELTING POINT IS ACHIEVED WHEN THE TEMPERATURE MELTS A SOLID AT A PRESSUREOF 1 ATMOSPHERE (atm),

4)     THE NORMAL BOILING POINT IS ACHIEVED WHEN A LIQUID BOILS AT A PRESSSURE OF 1 ATMOSHERE (atm).

5)     LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A PHASE CHANGE WITH A SUBSTANCE WITH A RELATIVE LARGE INTERMOELCULAR FORCE SUCH AS WATER.

á       VAPOR PRESSURE AND BOILING POINT

-        VAPOR PRESSURE IS THE EQULIBRIUM PRESSURE OF VAPOR OVER A LIQUID IN A CLOSED CONTAINER.

-        THE VAPOR PRESSURE IS RELATVELY LOW FOR A SUBSTANCE SUCH AS WATER WITH LARGE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES.

-        THE BOILING POINT OF A LIQUID OCCURS AT A TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID EQUALS THE ATMOSHERIC PRESURE.

á       PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

-        THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF SOLIDS.

1.     THE 1ST TYPE IS THE IONIC SOLID WITH THE COMPONENTS CONSISTING OF IONS.

2.     THE 2ND TYPE IS MOLECULAR SOLIDS WITH THE COMPONENTS CONSISTING OF MOLECULES.

3.     THE 3RD TYPE IS ATOMIC ASOLIDS WITH THE COMPONENTS CONSISTING OF ATOMS.

-        BONDING IN SOLIDS IS COMPOSED OF:

1.     IONIC SOLIDS AE BOUND TOGETHER BY THE ATTRACTIONS AMONGST THE OPPOSTIVELY CHARGED IONS.

2.     MOLECULAR SOLIDS ARE BOND TOGETHER BY THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AMONGST THE MOLECULES.

3.     ATOMIC SOLIDS PRODUCED EITHER FROM NOBEL GASES TAT HAVE WEAK LONDON DISPERSON FORCES OR GIANT MOELCULES THAT ARE HELD TOPGETHER BY COVLALENT BONDS.

-        METALS FORM TWO TYPES OF ALLOYS.

1.     THE 1ST TYPE IS CALLED SUBSTITITIONAL WHIUCH INVOLVES DIFFERENT ATOMS BEING SUBSTITUED FOR THE HOST METAL TOMS.

2.     THE 2ND TYPPE IS ACLLED INTERSTITIAL WHICH INTRODUCE SMALL ATOMS INTO THE ÒHOLESÓ IN THE METALLIC STYRUCTURE.