DIRECTIONS:

1.     Select a new page in your Spiral lab notebook.

2.   Press hard (with a blue or black pen only – NO PENCIL OR FELT TIPPED PEN) when writing in your Spiral lab manual.

3.   Fill in the top portion of the first page only. Take the following steps:

     step 1 – print your last name followed by printing your first name in the box entitled NAME;

     step 2- Place the name Chemistry Chapter 15 Overview in the box entitled EXPERIMENT/SUBJECT; step 3 – leave EXP NUMBER blank; step 4 – Place the due date 7 MARCH 2008 in the box entitled DATE; step 5 – leave LAB PARTNER and LOCKER/DESK NO. blank; step 6 – place Honors Chemistry period ___, what number? ___ (press hard) in the box labeled COURSE AND SECTION NO.

4.     Read Chapter 15 and summarize what you read using this outline as a guide.

5.   Chapter 15 Overview is due: MONDAY 31 MARCH 2008

 

á       REMINDER – GRADING SYLLABUS: BASED UPON CLARITY AND NEATNESS

1.     A = THREE PAGES

2.     B = TWO PAGES

3.     C = ONE PAGE

        *********************** CHAPTER 15   OUTLINE ***********************

á       FORMING SOLUTIONS

-        A SOLUTION IS DEFINED AS A HOMOGEBEOUS MIXTURE OF A SOLUTE (SOLID) DISOLVED IN A SOLVENT (WATER).

-        SUBSTNACES WITH SIMILAR POLARITIES TEND TO DISSOLVE WITH EACH OTHER TO FORM A SOLUTION.

-        WATER IS A VERY POLAR SUBSTANCE AND TENDS TO DISSOLVE IONIC SOLIDS OR OTHER POLAR SUBSTANCE.

-        SOLUTIONS CAN  BE DESCRIBED BY THESE TERMS:

i)               SATURATED – CONTAIN THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE DISSOLVED SOLID.

ii)              UNSATURATED – NIT SATURATED

iii)            SUPERSATURATED – CONTAINS MORE DISSOLVED SOLID THAN SHOULD DISSOLVE AT A GIVEN TEMEPRATURE

iv)             CONCEWTRATED – CONTIAN A RELATIVELY LARGE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE

v)              DILUTE – CONTAINS A RELATIVELY  SMALL AMOUNT OF SOLUTE.

-        THE RATE OF DISSOLUTION IS DETERMINED BY THREE CONDITIONS:

i)                SURFACE AREA OF SOLUTE

ii)               STIRRING

iii)             TEMPERATURE

á       DESCRIBING SOLUTION COMPOSITION

-        THREE TYPES OF SOLUTION COMPOSITION:

i)               MASS PERCENT OF SOLUTE=     MASS OF SOLUTE            X 100

                                                                 MASS OF SOLUTION

ii)              MOLARITY =        MOLES OF SOLUTE

LITERS OF SOLUTION

iii)            NORMALITY = EQUIVALENTS OF SOLUTE

LITERS OF SOLUTION

-        TO LOWER THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION, YOU ADD ADDITIONAL SOLVENT TO THE SOLUTION. YOU DO NOT ADD ADDITIONAL SOLUTE.

á       PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

-        MOLES OF A DISSOLVED REATANT OR PRODUCT CAN BE CALCULATED FROM THE KNOWN CONENTRATION AND VOLUME OF THE SUBSTANCE.

-        THE PROPERTIES OF A SOLVENT ARE AFFECTEDBY DISSOLVIG A SOLUTE.

-        THE BOILING POINT OF A SOLVENT INCREASES AS THE AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED SOLUTE INCREASES.

-        THE MELTING POINT OF S SOLVENBT DECREASES AS THE AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED SOLUTE INCREASES.